In materials science, a surface interface refers to the boundary region between air (or a vacuum) and physical media. The atomic composition and topography of a solid’s surface monolayer can determine many of the chemical-mechanical characteristics of the bulk...
The Beginning of the Lithium Battery For many years, the only suitable battery for portable equipment, such as mobile computing and wireless communications, was nickel-cadmium. Pioneer work on the lithium battery began in 1912. However, it wasn’t until the 1970s when...
Fermenters are used to accelerate the metabolic reactions within heterogeneous systems and promote population growth of desirable fungi and bacterial cells. This is typically conducted by introducing enzymes or other microorganisms to organic substrates in a...
What is a Fuel Cell? Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction rather than combustion. Inside a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined to generate heat, water and electricity. They represent a clean, efficient, dependable, and quiet...
What are Fuel Cells? Fuel cells use the chemical energy of hydrogen or an alternative fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. Using hydrogen as the fuel only produces water, heat, and electricity. Hydrogen (the fuel) is supplied continuously, unlike in a...
