In materials science, a surface interface refers to the boundary region between air (or a vacuum) and physical media. The atomic composition and topography of a solid’s surface monolayer can determine many of the chemical-mechanical characteristics of the bulk...
The Beginning of the Lithium Battery For many years, the only suitable battery for portable equipment, such as mobile computing and wireless communications, was nickel-cadmium. Pioneer work on the lithium battery began in 1912. However, it wasn’t until the 1970s when...
Fermenters are used to accelerate the metabolic reactions within heterogeneous systems and promote population growth of desirable fungi and bacterial cells. This is typically conducted by introducing enzymes or other microorganisms to organic substrates in a...
What is a Fuel Cell? Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction rather than combustion. Inside a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined to generate heat, water and electricity. They represent a clean, efficient, dependable, and quiet...
What are Fuel Cells? Fuel cells use the chemical energy of hydrogen or an alternative fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. Using hydrogen as the fuel only produces water, heat, and electricity. Hydrogen (the fuel) is supplied continuously, unlike in a...
Solar cell thin film analyzers are used to facilitate research and development (R&D) into novel photovoltaic architectures by monitoring the processing conditions for epitaxial deposition of photovoltaic materials. These growth methods cover a range of advanced...
Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) is an advanced excitation method used in plasma engineering. The underlying principle of ECR is explained by Lorentz force; a combination of both electric and magnetic forces induced by applied magnetic fields. Free electrons in a...
Determination of hydrogen bound in steel is a vital factor in developing new steel types for ever more demanding applications. Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), also known as Thermal Desorption Spectrometry (TDS) or Thermal Desorption Analysis (TDA) is a...
Electrochemical fuel cells are envisaged as a potential successor technology to combustion engines in the automotive sector. Although studies have considered numerous gaseous elements as the fuel source for electrochemical stacks, hydrogen (H2) remains the primary...
Electrochemistry is concerned with the range of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that cause electrons to transfer between the molecules of reactants. It is the study of the relationship between electricity and an identifiable chemical change, which was first...
